Chemistry The Central Science 13th Edition: How to Access the eTextbook and Mastering Chemistry

2. ChemistryT h e C e n t r a l S c i e n c e 13TH EditionTheodore L. Brown University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign H.Eugene LeMay, Jr. University of Nevada, Reno Bruce E. BurstenUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville Catherine J. Murphy Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Patrick M. Woodward The Ohio StateUniversity Matthew W. Stoltzfus The Ohio State University BostonColumbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris MontralToronto Delhi Mexico City So Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeTaipei Tokyo 3. 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All rights reserved.Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication isprotected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from thepublisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in aretrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Toobtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submita written request to Pearson Education, Inc., PermissionsDepartment, 1 Lake Street, Department 1G, Upper Saddle River, NJ07458. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellersto distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Wherethose designations appear in this book, and the publisher was awareof a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialcaps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-In PublicationData Brown, Theodore L. (Theodore Lawrence), 1928- author.Chemistry the central science.Thirteenth edition / Theodore L.Brown, University of Illinois at Urbana-Chanmpaign, H. EugueneLeMay, Jr., University of Nevada, Reno, Bruce E. Bursten,University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Catherine J. Murphy, Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Chanmpaign, Patrick M. Woodward, The OhioState University, Matthew W. Stoltzfus, The Ohio State University.pages cm Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-91041-7 ISBN-10:0-321-91041-9 1. Chemistry--Textbooks. I. Title. QD31.3.B765 2014540dc23 2013036724 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10CRK 17 16 15 14www.pearsonhighered.com Student Edition: 0-321-91041-9 /978-0-321-91041-7 Instructors Resource Copy: 0-321-96239-7 /978-0-321-96239-3 4. To our students, whose enthusiasm andcuriosity have often inspired us, and whose questions andsuggestions have sometimes taught us. 5. vi Prefacexx 1Introduction: Matter and Measurement2 2 Atoms, Molecules, andIons40 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry80 4Reactions in Aqueous Solution122 5 Thermochemistry164 6 ElectronicStructure of Atoms212 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements256 8Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding298 9 Molecular Geometry andBonding Theories342 10 Gases398 11 Liquids and IntermolecularForces442 12 Solids and Modern Materials480 13 Properties ofSolutions530 14 Chemical Kinetics574 15 Chemical Equilibrium628 16AcidBase Equilibria670 17 Additional Aspects of AqueousEquilibria724 18 Chemistry of the Environment774 19 ChemicalThermodynamics812 20 Electrochemistry856 21 Nuclear Chemistry908 22Chemistry of the Nonmetals952 23 Transition Metals and CoordinationChemistry996 24 The Chemistry of Life: Organic and BiologicalChemistry1040 Appendices AMathematical Operations1092 BPropertiesof Water1099 CThermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at298.15 K (25 C)1100 DAqueous Equilibrium Constants1103 EStandardReduction Potentials at 25 C1105 Answers to Selected ExercisesA-1Answers to Give It Some ThoughtA-31 Answers to Go FigureA-38Answers to Selected Practice ExercisesA-44 GlossaryG-1 Photo/ArtCreditsP-1 IndexI-1 Brief Contents 6. vii 2Atoms, Molecules, andIons40 2.1The Atomic Theory of Matter42 2.2The Discovery of AtomicStructure43 Cathode Rays and Electrons43 Radioactivity45 TheNuclear Model of the Atom46 2.3The Modern View of AtomicStructure47 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes49 2.4AtomicWeights50 The Atomic Mass Scale50 Atomic Weight51 2.5The PeriodicTable52 2.6Molecules and Molecular Compounds56 Molecules andChemical Formulas56 Molecular and Empirical Formulas56 PicturingMolecules57 2.7Ions and Ionic Compounds58 Predicting IonicCharges59 Ionic Compounds60 2.8Naming Inorganic Compounds62 Namesand Formulas of Ionic Compounds62 Names and Formulas of Acids67Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds68 2.9Some SimpleOrganic Compounds69 Alkanes69 Some Derivatives of Alkanes70 ChapterSummary and Key Terms72 Learning Outcomes72 Key Equations73Exercises73 Additional Exercises78 A Closer Look Basic Forces49 ACloser Look The Mass Spectrometer52 A Closer Look What Are CoinsMade Of?54 Chemistry and Life Elements Required by LivingOrganisms61 Strategies in Chemistry How to Take a Test71 ContentsPrefacexx 1Introduction: Matter and Measurement2 1.1The Study ofChemistry2 The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry4 WhyStudy Chemistry?5 1.2Classifications of Matter6 States of Matter7Pure Substances7 Elements7Compounds8Mixtures10 1.3Properties ofMatter11 Physical and Chemical Changes12 Separation of Mixtures131.4Units of Measurement14 SI Units15 Length and Mass17Temperature17Derived SI Units19 Volume19Density19 1.5Uncertainty inMeasurement22 Precision and Accuracy22 Significant Figures22Significant Figures in Calculations22 1.6Dimensional Analysis27Using Two or More Conversion Factors28 Conversions InvolvingVolume29 Chapter Summary and Key Terms32 Learning Outcomes32 KeyEquations32 Exercises32 Additional Exercises37 Chemistry Put toWork Chemistry and the Chemical Industry6 A Closer Look TheScientific Method14 Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry in the News20Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers28 Strategies inChemistry The Importance of Practice31 Strategies in Chemistry TheFeatures of This Book32 7. viii Contents 3Chemical Reactions andReaction Stoichiometry80 3.1Chemical Equations82 BalancingEquations82 Indicating the States of Reactants and Products853.2Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity86 Combination andDecomposition Reactions86 Combustion Reactions89 3.3FormulaWeights89 Formula and Molecular Weights90 Percentage Compositionfrom Chemical Formulas91 3.4Avogadros Number and the Mole91 MolarMass93 Interconverting Masses and Moles95 Interconverting Massesand Numbers of Particles96 3.5Empirical Formulas from Analyses98Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas100 CombustionAnalysis101 3.6Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations1033.7Limiting Reactants106 Theoretical and Percent Yields109 ChapterSummary and Key Terms111 Learning Outcomes111 Key Equations112Exercises112 Additional Exercises118 Integrative Exercises120Design an Experiment120 Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving92Chemistry and Life Glucose Monitoring95 Strategies in ChemistryDesign an Experiment110 4Reactions in Aqueous Solution1224.1General Properties of Aqueous Solutions124 Electrolytes andNonelectrolytes124 How Compounds Dissolve in Water125 Strong andWeak Electrolytes126 4.2Precipitation Reactions128 SolubilityGuidelines for Ionic Compounds129 Exchange (Metathesis)Reactions130 Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions131 4.3Acids, Bases,and Neutralization Reactions132 Acids132 Bases133 Strong and WeakAcids and Bases133 Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes135Neutralization Reactions and Salts135 Neutralization Reactions withGas Formation138 4.4OxidationReduction Reactions138 Oxidation andReduction138 Oxidation Numbers140 Oxidation of Metals by Acids andSalts142 The Activity Series143 4.5Concentrations of Solutions146Molarity146 Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte147Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume148Dilution1494.6Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis151 Titrations152Chapter Summary and Key Terms155 Learning Outcomes156 KeyEquations156 Exercises156 Additional Exercises161 IntegrativeExercises161 Design an Experiment163 Chemistry Put toWorkAntacids139 Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing ChemicalReactions146 5Thermochemistry164 5.1Energy166 Kinetic Energy andPotential Energy166 Units of Energy168 System and Surroundings169Transferring Energy: Work and Heat169 5.2The First Law ofThermodynamics170 Internal Energy171 Relating E to Heat and Work172Endothermic and Exothermic Processes173 State Functions174 8.Contents ix 5.3Enthalpy175 PressureVolume Work175 EnthalpyChange177 5.4Enthalpies of Reaction179 5.5Calorimetry181 HeatCapacity and Specific Heat181 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry183 BombCalorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)185 5.6Hesss Law1875.7Enthalpies of Formation189 Using Enthalpies of Formation toCalculate Enthalpies of Reaction192 5.8Foods and Fuels194Foods194Fuels197Other Energy Sources198 Chapter Summary and KeyTerms200 Learning Outcomes201 Key Equations202 Exercises202Additional Exercises209 Integrative Exercises210Design anExperiment211 A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and PV Work178Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a Guide181 Chemistry andLife The Regulation of Body Temperature186 Chemistry Put to WorkThe Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels198 6ElectronicStructure of Atoms212 6.1The Wave Nature of Light214 6.2QuantizedEnergy and Photons216 Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy216The Photoelectric Effect and Photons217 6.3Line Spectra and theBohr Model219 Line Spectra219 Bohrs Model220 The Energy States ofthe Hydrogen Atom221 Limitations of the Bohr Model223 6.4The WaveBehavior of Matter223 The Uncertainty Principle225 6.5QuantumMechanics and Atomic Orbitals226 Orbitals and Quantum Numbers2286.6Representations of Orbitals230 The s Orbitals230 The pOrbitals233 The d and f Orbitals233 6.7Many-Electron Atoms234Orbitals and Their Energies234 Electron Spin and the PauliExclusion Principle235 6.8Electron Configurations237 Hunds Rule237Condensed Electron Configurations239Transition Metals240 TheLanthanides and Actinides240 6.9Electron Configurations and thePeriodic Table241 Anomalous Electron Configurations245 ChapterSummary and Key Terms246 Learning Outcomes247 Key Equations247Exercises248 Additional Exercises252 Integrative Exercises255Design an Experiment255 A Closer Look Measurement and theUncertainty Principle225 A Closer Look Thought Experiments andSchrdingers Cat227 A Closer Look Probability Density and RadialProbability Functions232 Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin andMagnetic Resonance Imaging236 7Periodic Properties of theElements256 7.1Development of the Periodic Table258 7.2EffectiveNuclear Charge259 7.3Sizes of Atoms and Ions262 Periodic Trends inAtomic Radii264 Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii265 7.4IonizationEnergy268 Variations in Successive Ionization Energies268 PeriodicTrends in First Ionization Energies268 Electron Configurations ofIons271 7.5Electron Affinity272 7.6Metals, Nonmetals, andMetalloids273 Metals274Nonmetals276Metalloids277 9. x Contents7.7Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A Metals278 Group 1A: The AlkaliMetals278 Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals281 7.8Trends forSelected Nonmetals282 Hydrogen282 Group 6A: The Oxygen Group283Group 7A: The Halogens284 Group 8A: The Noble Gases286 ChapterSummary and Key Terms288 Learning Outcomes289 Key Equations289Exercises289 Additional Exercises294 Integrative Exercises296Design an Experiment297 A Closer Look Effective Nuclear Charge261Chemistry Put to Work Ionic Size and Lithium-Ion Batteries267Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs2818Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding298 8.1Lewis Symbols and theOctet Rule300 The Octet Rule300 8.2Ionic Bonding301 Energetics ofIonic Bond Formation302 Electron Configurations of Ions of the s-and p-Block Elements305 Transition Metal Ions306 8.3CovalentBonding306 Lewis Structures307 Multiple Bonds308 8.4Bond Polarityand Electronegativity309 Electronegativity309 Electronegativity andBond Polarity310Dipole Moments311 Differentiating Ionic andCovalent Bonding314 8.5Drawing Lewis Structures315 Formal Chargeand Alternative Lewis Structures317 8.6Resonance Structures320Resonance in Benzene322 8.7Exceptions to the Octet Rule322 OddNumber of Electrons323 Less Than an Octet of Valence Electrons323More Than an Octet of Valence Electrons324 8.8Strengths and Lengthsof Covalent Bonds325 Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies ofReactions327 Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length329 Chapter Summary andKey Terms332 Learning Outcomes333 Key Equations333 Exercises333Additional Exercises338 Integrative Exercises340 Design anExperiment341 A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies: TheBornHaber Cycle304 A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers, Formal Charges,and Actual Partial Charges319 Chemistry Put to Work Explosives andAlfred Nobel330 9Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories3429.1Molecular Shapes344 9.2The Vsepr Model347 Effect of NonbondingElectrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles351 Molecules withExpanded Valence Shells352 Shapes of Larger Molecules3559.3Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity356 9.4Covalent Bondingand Orbital Overlap358 9.5Hybrid Orbitals359 sp Hybrid Orbitals360sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals361 Hypervalent Molecules362 HybridOrbital Summary364 9.6Multiple Bonds365 Resonance Structures,Delocalization, and p Bonding368 General Conclusions about s and pBonding372 9.7Molecular Orbitals373 Molecular Orbitals of theHydrogen Molecule373 Bond Order375 9.8Period 2 DiatomicMolecules376 Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2377 MolecularOrbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals377 Electron Configurations for B2through Ne2381 Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties383Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules384 10. Contents xi Chapter Summaryand Key Terms386 Learning Outcomes387 Key Equations388 Exercises388Additional Exercises393 Integrative Exercises396 Design anExperiment397 Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision372 ACloser Look Phases in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals379 ChemistryPut to Work Orbitals and Energy385 10 Gases398 10.1Characteristicsof Gases400 10.2Pressure401 Atmospheric Pressure and theBarometer401 10.3The Gas Laws404 The PressureVolume Relationship:Boyles Law404 The TemperatureVolume Relationship: Charless Law406The QuantityVolume Relationship: Avogadros Law406 10.4The Ideal-GasEquation408 Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws41010.5Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation412 Gas Densitiesand Molar Mass413 Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions414 10.6GasMixtures and Partial Pressures415 Partial Pressures and MoleFractions417 10.7The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases418Distributions of Molecular Speed419 Application ofKinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws420 10.8Molecular Effusionand Diffusion421 Grahams Law of Effusion423Diffusion and Mean FreePath424 10.9Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior426 The vander Waals Equation428 Chapter Summary and Key Terms431 LearningOutcomes431 Key Equations432 Exercises432 Additional Exercises438Integrative Exercises440 Design an Experiment441 Strategies inChemistry Calculations Involving Many Variables410 A Closer LookThe Ideal-Gas Equation421 Chemistry Put to Work Gas Separations42511Liquids and Intermolecular Forces442 11.1A Molecular Comparisonof Gases, Liquids, and Solids444 11.2Intermolecular Forces446Dispersion Forces447DipoleDipole Forces448 Hydrogen Bonding449IonDipole Forces452 Comparing Intermolecular Forces452 11.3SelectProperties of Liquids455 Viscosity455Surface Tension456CapillaryAction456 11.4Phase Changes457 Energy Changes Accompanying PhaseChanges457Heating Curves459Critical Temperature and Pressure46011.5Vapor Pressure461 Volatility, Vapor Pressure, andTemperature462 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point463 11.6PhaseDiagrams464 The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2465 11.7LiquidCrystals467 Types of Liquid Crystals467 Chapter Summary and KeyTerms470 Learning Outcomes471 Exercises471 Additional Exercises477Integrative Exercises478 Design an Experiment479 Chemistry Put toWorkIonic Liquids454 A Closer Look The ClausiusClapeyronEquation463 11. xii Contents 12Solids and Modern Materials48012.1Classification of Solids480 12.2Structures of Solids482Crystalline and Amorphous Solids482 Unit Cells and CrystalLattices483 Filling the Unit Cell485 12.3Metallic Solids486 TheStructures of Metallic Solids487 Close Packing488Alloys49112.4Metallic Bonding494 Electron-Sea Model494 MolecularOrbitalModel495 12.5Ionic Solids498 Structures of Ionic Solids49812.6Molecular Solids502 12.7Covalent-Network Solids503Semiconductors504Semiconductor Doping506 12.8Polymers507 MakingPolymers509 Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers51112.9Nanomaterials514 Semiconductors on the Nanoscale514 Metals onthe Nanoscale515 Carbons on the Nanoscale516 Chapter Summary andKey Terms519 Learning Outcomes520 Key Equation520 Exercises521Additional Exercises527 Integrative Exercises528 Design anExperiment529 A Closer Look X-ray Diffraction486 Chemistry Put toWork Alloys of Gold494 Chemistry Put to WorkSolid-State Lighting508Chemistry Put to WorkRecycling Plastics511 13Properties ofSolutions530 13.1The Solution Process530 The Natural Tendencytoward Mixing532 The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on SolutionFormation532 Energetics of Solution Formation533 Solution Formationand Chemical Reactions535 13.2Saturated Solutions and Solubility53613.3Factors Affecting Solubility538 SoluteSolvent Interactions538Pressure Effects541 Temperature Effects543 13.4Expressing SolutionConcentration544 Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb544 Mole Fraction,Molarity, and Molality545 Converting Concentration Units54713.5Colligative Properties548 Vapor-Pressure Lowering548Boiling-Point Elevation551 Freezing-Point Depression552Osmosis554Determination of Molar Mass from ColligativeProperties557 13.6Colloids559 Hydrophilic and HydrophobicColloids560 Colloidal Motion in Liquids562 Chapter Summary and KeyTerms564 Learning Outcomes565 Key Equations565 Exercises566Additional Exercises571 Integrative Exercises572Design anExperiment573 Chemistry and Life Fat-Soluble and Water-SolubleVitamins539 Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving544 ACloser Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components550A Closer Look The Vant Hoff Factor558 Chemistry and LifeSickle-Cell Anemia562 12. Contents xiii 14 Chemical Kinetics57414.1Factors that Affect Reaction Rates576 14.2Reaction Rates577Change of Rate with Time579 Instantaneous Rate579 Reaction Ratesand Stoichiometry580 14.3Concentration and Rate Laws581 ReactionOrders: The Exponents in the Rate Law584 Magnitudes and Units ofRate Constants585 Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws58614.4The Change of Concentration with Time587 First-OrderReactions587 Second-Order Reactions589 Zero-Order Reactions591Half-Life591 14.5Temperature and Rate593 The Collision Model593 TheOrientation Factor594Activation Energy594The ArrheniusEquation596Determining the Activation Energy597 14.6ReactionMechanisms599 Elementary Reactions599 Multistep Mechanisms600 RateLaws for Elementary Reactions601 The Rate-Determining Step for aMultistep Mechanism602 Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step603Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step604 14.7Catalysis606 HomogeneousCatalysis607 Heterogeneous Catalysis608Enzymes609 Chapter Summaryand Key Terms614 Learning Outcomes614 Key Equations615 Exercises615Additional Exercises624 Integrative Exercises626 Design anExperiment627 A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to MeasureReaction Rates: Beers Law582 Chemistry Put to Work Methyl Bromidein the Atmosphere592 Chemistry Put to Work Catalytic Converters610Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase612 15ChemicalEquilibrium628 15.1The Concept of Equilibrium630 15.2TheEquilibrium Constant632 Evaluating Kc634 Equilibrium Constants inTerms of Pressure, Kp635Equilibrium Constants and Units63615.3Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants637 TheMagnitude of Equilibrium Constants637 The Direction of the ChemicalEquation and K639 Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry andEquilibrium Constants639 15.4Heterogeneous Equilibria64115.5Calculating Equilibrium Constants644 15.6Applications ofEquilibrium Constants646 Predicting the Direction of Reaction646Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations648 15.7Le ChteliersPrinciple650 Change in Reactant or Product Concentration651 Effectsof Volume and Pressure Changes652 Effect of Temperature Changes654The Effect of Catalysts657 Chapter Summary and Key Terms660Learning Outcomes660 Key Equations661 Exercises661 AdditionalExercises666 Integrative Exercises668 Design an Experiment669Chemistry Put to Work The Haber Process633 Chemistry Put to WorkControlling Nitric Oxide Emissions659 16 AcidBase Equilibria67016.1Acids and Bases: A Brief Review672 16.2BrnstedLowry Acids andBases673 13. xiv Contents The H+ Ion in Water673 Proton-TransferReactions673 Conjugate AcidBase Pairs674 Relative Strengths ofAcids and Bases676 16.3The Autoionization of Water678 The IonProduct of Water679 16.4The pH Scale680 pOH and Other p Scales682Measuring pH683 16.5Strong Acids and Bases684 Strong Acids684Strong Bases685 16.6Weak Acids686 Calculating Ka from pH688 PercentIonization689Using Ka to Calculate pH690 Polyprotic Acids69416.7Weak Bases696 Types of Weak Bases698 16.8Relationship betweenKa and Kb699 16.9AcidBase Properties of Salt Solutions702 An AnionsAbility to React with Water702 A Cations Ability to React withWater702 Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution70416.10AcidBase Behavior and Chemical Structure705 Factors ThatAffect Acid Strength705 Binary Acids706Oxyacids707CarboxylicAcids709 16.11Lewis Acids and Bases710 Chapter Summary and KeyTerms713 Learning Outcomes714 Key Equations714 Exercises715Additional Exercises720 Integrative Exercises722 Design anExperiment723 Chemistry Put to Work Amines and AmineHydrochlorides701 Chemistry and Life The Amphiprotic Behavior ofAmino Acids709 17Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria72417.1The Common-Ion Effect726 17.2Buffers729 Composition and Actionof Buffers729 Calculating the pH of a Buffer731 Buffer Capacity andpH Range734 Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers73517.3AcidBase Titrations738 Strong AcidStrong Base Titrations738Weak AcidStrong Base Titrations740 Titrating with an AcidBaseIndicator744 Titrations of Polyprotic Acids746 17.4SolubilityEquilibria748 The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp748 Solubilityand Ksp749 17.5Factors That Affect Solubility751 Common-IonEffect751 Solubility and pH753 Formation of Complex Ions756Amphoterism758 17.6Precipitation and Separation of Ions759Selective Precipitation of Ions760 17.7Qualitative Analysis forMetallic Elements762 Chapter Summary and Key Terms765 LearningOutcomes765 Key Equations766 Exercises766 Additional Exercises771Integrative Exercises772 Design an Experiment773 Chemistry and LifeBlood as a Buffered Solution737 A Closer Look Limitations ofSolubility Products751 Chemistry and Life Ocean Acidification753Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation755 18 Chemistry ofthe Environment774 18.1Earths Atmosphere776 Composition of theAtmosphere776 Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere778 Ozone inthe Stratosphere780 18.2Human Activities and Earths Atmosphere782The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion782 Sulfur Compounds and AcidRain784 Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog786 Greenhouse Gases:Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate787 18.3Earths Water791 TheGlobal Water Cycle791 Salt Water: Earths Oceans and Seas792Freshwater and Groundwater792 14. Contents xv 18.4Human Activitiesand Water Quality794 Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality794 WaterPurification: Desalination795 Water Purification: MunicipalTreatment796 18.5Green Chemistry798 Supercritical Solvents800Greener Reagents and Processes800 Chapter Summary and Key Terms803Learning Outcomes803 Exercises804 Additional Exercises808Integrative Exercises809 Design an Experiment811 A Closer LookOther Greenhouse Gases790 A Closer Look The Ogallala AquiferAShrinking Resource794 A Closer Look Fracking and Water Quality79719 Chemical Thermodynamics812 19.1Spontaneous Processes814 Seekinga Criterion for Spontaneity816 Reversible and IrreversibleProcesses816 19.2Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics818The Relationship between Entropy and Heat818 S for Phase Changes819The Second Law of Thermodynamics820 19.3The MolecularInterpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics821Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level821 Boltzmanns Equationand Microstates823 Molecular Motions and Energy824 MakingQualitative Predictions about S 825The Third Law ofThermodynamics827 19.4Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions828Entropy Changes in the Surroundings830 19.5Gibbs Free Energy831Standard Free Energy of Formation834 19.6Free Energy andTemperature836 19.7Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant838 FreeEnergy under Nonstandard Conditions838 Relationship between G andK840 Chapter Summary and Key Terms844 Learning Outcomes844 KeyEquations845 Exercises845 Additional Exercises851 IntegrativeExercises853 Design an Experiment855 A Closer Look The EntropyChange When a Gas Expands Isothermally820 Chemistry and LifeEntropy and Human Society828 A Closer Look Whats Free about FreeEnergy?836 Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions:Coupling Reactions842 20 Electrochemistry856 20.1Oxidation Statesand OxidationReduction Reactions858 20.2Balancing RedoxEquations860 Half-Reactions860 Balancing Equations by the Method ofHalf-Reactions860 Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring inBasic Solution863 20.3Voltaic Cells865 20.4Cell Potentials UnderStandard Conditions868 Standard Reduction Potentials869 Strengthsof Oxidizing and Reducing Agents874 20.5Free Energy and RedoxReactions876 Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant87720.6Cell Potentials Under Nonstandard Conditions880 The NernstEquation880 Concentration Cells882 20.7Batteries and Fuel Cells886LeadAcid Battery886 Alkaline Battery887 NickelCadmium andNickelMetal Hydride Batteries887 Lithium-Ion Batteries887 HydrogenFuel Cells889 20.8Corrosion891 Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)891Preventing Corrosion of Iron892 20.9Electrolysis893 QuantitativeAspects of Electrolysis894 Chapter Summary and Key Terms897Learning Outcomes898 Key Equations899 Exercises899 AdditionalExercises905 Integrative Exercises907 Design an Experiment907 15.xvi Contents A Closer Look Electrical Work879 Chemistry and LifeHeartbeats and Electrocardiography884 Chemistry Put to WorkBatteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles889 Chemistry Put to WorkElectrometallurgy of Aluminum895 21 Nuclear Chemistry90821.1Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations910 Nuclear Equations911Types of Radioactive Decay912 21.2Patterns of Nuclear Stability914Neutron-to-Proton Ratio914 Radioactive Decay Chains916 FurtherObservations916 21.3Nuclear Transmutations918 Accelerating ChargedParticles918 Reactions Involving Neutrons919 TransuraniumElements920 21.4Rates of Radioactive Decay920 Radiometric Dating921Calculations Based on Half-Life923 21.5Detection ofRadioactivity926 Radiotracers927 21.6Energy Changes in NuclearReactions929 Nuclear Binding Energies930 21.7Nuclear Power:Fission932 Nuclear Reactors934 Nuclear Waste936 21.8Nuclear Power:Fusion937 21.9Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems938Radiation Doses940 Radon942 Chapter Summary and Key Terms944Learning Outcomes945 Key Equations945 Exercises946 AdditionalExercises949 Integrative Exercises951 Design an Experiment951Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers928 A CloserLook The Dawning of the Nuclear Age934 A Closer Look NuclearSynthesis of the Elements939 Chemistry and Life RadiationTherapy943 22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals952 22.1Periodic Trends andChemical Reactions952 Chemical Reactions955 22.2Hydrogen956Isotopes of Hydrogen956 Properties of Hydrogen957 Production ofHydrogen958 Uses of Hydrogen959 Binary Hydrogen Compounds95922.3Group 8A: The Noble Gases960 Noble-Gas Compounds961 22.4Group7A: The Halogens962 Properties and Production of the Halogens962Uses of the Halogens964 The Hydrogen Halides964 InterhalogenCompounds965 Oxyacids and Oxyanions966 22.5Oxygen966 Properties ofOxygen967 Production of Oxygen967 Uses of Oxygen967Ozone967Oxides968Peroxides and Superoxides969 22.6The Other Group6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po970 General Characteristics of theGroup 6A Elements970 Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te970Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium971Sulfides971 Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur97122.7Nitrogen973 Properties of Nitrogen973 Production and Uses ofNitrogen973 Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen973 Oxides and Oxyacidsof Nitrogen975 22.8The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, andBi977 General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements977Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus977 PhosphorusHalides978 Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus978 22.9Carbon980 ElementalForms of Carbon980 Oxides of Carbon981 Carbonic Acid andCarbonates983Carbides983 16. Contents xvii 22.10The Other Group 4AElements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb984 General Characteristics of theGroup 4A Elements984 Occurrence and Preparation ofSilicon984Silicates985Glass986 Silicones987 22.11Boron987 ChapterSummary and Key Terms989 Learning Outcomes990 Exercises990Additional Exercises994 Integrative Exercises994 Design anExperiment995 A Closer Look The Hydrogen Economy958 Chemistry andLife Nitroglycerin, Nitric Oxide, and Heart Disease976 Chemistryand Life Arsenic in Drinking Water980 Chemistry Put to Work CarbonFibers and Composites982 23Transition Metals and CoordinationChemistry996 23.1The Transition Metals998 Physical Properties998Electron Configurations and Oxidation States999Magnetism100123.2Transition-Metal Complexes1002 The Development of CoordinationChemistry: Werners Theory1003 The MetalLigand Bond1005 Charges,Coordination Numbers, and Geometries1006 23.3Common Ligands inCoordination Chemistry1007 Metals and Chelates in LivingSystems1009 23.4Nomenclature and Isomerism in CoordinationChemistry1012 Isomerism1014 Structural Isomerism1014Stereoisomerism1015 23.5Color and Magnetism in CoordinationChemistry1019 Color1019 Magnetism of Coordination Compounds102123.6Crystal-Field Theory1021 Electron Configurations in OctahedralComplexes1024 Tetrahedral and Square- Planar Complexes1026 ChapterSummary and Key Terms1030 Learning Outcomes1031 Exercises1031Additional Exercises1035 Integrative Exercises1037 Design anExperiment1039 A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect1010Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems1011 ACloser Look Charge-Transfer Color1028 24The Chemistry of Life:Organic and Biological Chemistry1040 24.1General Characteristics ofOrganic Molecules1042 The Structures of Organic Molecules1042 TheStabilities of Organic Substances1043 Solubility and AcidBaseProperties of Organic Substances1042 24.2Introduction toHydrocarbons1044 Structures of Alkanes1045 Structural Isomers1045Nomenclature of Alkanes1046 Cycloalkanes1049 Reactions ofAlkanes1049 24.3Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons1050Alkenes1051Alkynes1053Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes1054Aromatic Hydrocarbons1056 Stabilization of p Electrons byDelocalization1056 Substitution Reactions1057 24.4OrganicFunctional Groups1058 Alcohols1058Ethers1061Aldehydes andKetones1061 Carboxylic Acids and Esters1062 Amines and Amides106624.5Chirality in Organic Chemistry1067 24.6Introduction toBiochemistry1067 24.7Proteins1068 Amino Acids1068 Polypeptides andProteins1070 Protein Structure1071 17. xviii Contents24.8Carbohydrates1073 Disaccharides1074Polysaccharides107524.9Lipids1076 Fats1076Phospholipids1077 24.10Nucleic Acids1077Chapter Summary and Key Terms1082 Learning Outcomes1083Exercises1083 Additional Exercises1089 Integrative Exercises1090Design an Experiment1091 Chemistry Put to WorkGasoline1050 A CloserLook Mechanism of Addition Reactions1055 Strategies in ChemistryWhat Now?1081 Appendices AMathematical Operations1092 BPropertiesof Water1099 CThermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances AT298.15 K (25 C)1100 DAqueous Equilibrium Constants1103 EStandardReduction Potentials at 25 C1105 Answers to Selected ExercisesA-1Answers to Give It Some ThoughtA-31 Answers to Go FigureA-38Answers to Selected Practice ExercisesA-44 GlossaryG-1 Photo/ArtCreditsP-1 IndexI-1 18. xix Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry and theChemical Industry6 Chemistry in the News 20 Antacids139 TheScientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels 198 Ionic Size andLithium-Ion Batteries267 Explosives and Alfred Nobel 330 Orbitalsand Energy 385 Gas Separations 425 Ionic Liquids 454 Alloys of Gold494 Solid-State Lighting 508 Recycling Plastics 511 Methyl Bromidein the Atmosphere592 Catalytic Converters 610 The Haber Process 633Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions659 Amines and AmineHydrochlorides 701 Batteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 889Electrometallurgy of Aluminum 895 Carbon Fibers and Composites 982Gasoline1050 A Closer Look The Scientific Method 14 Basic Forces 49The Mass Spectrometer 52 What Are Coins Made Of?54 Energy,Enthalpy, and PV Work 178 Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle225 Thought Experiments and Schrdingers Cat226 Probability Densityand Radial Probability Functions 232 Effective Nuclear Charge 261Calculation of Lattice Energies: The BornHaber Cycle304 OxidationNumbers, Formal Charges, and Actual Partial Charges 319 Phases inAtomic and Molecular Orbitals 379 The Ideal-Gas Equation 421 TheClausiusClapeyron Equation 463 X-ray Diffraction 486 IdealSolutions with Two or More Volatile Components 550 The Vant HoffFactor558 Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates:Beers Law582 Limitations of Solubility Products751 Other GreenhouseGases 790 The Ogallala AquiferA Shrinking Resource794 Fracking andWater Quality797 The Entropy Change When a Gas Expands Isothermally820 Whats Free about Free Energy?836 Electrical Work879 The Dawningof the Nuclear Age 934 Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements 939 TheHydrogen Economy 958 Entropy and the Chelate Effect 1010Charge-Transfer Color 1028 Mechanism of Addition Reactions 1055Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms 61 GlucoseMonitoring95 The Regulation of Body Temperature 186 Nuclear Spinand Magnetic Resonance Imaging 236 The Improbable Development ofLithium Drugs 281 The Chemistry of Vision 372 Fat-Soluble andWater-Soluble Vitamins 539 Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving 544Sickle-Cell Anemia 562 Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase 612 TheAmphiprotic Behavior of Amino Acids 709 Blood as a BufferedSolution 737 Ocean Acidification 753 Tooth Decay andFluoridation755 Entropy and Human Society 828 DrivingNonspontaneous Reactions: Coupling Reactions842 Heartbeats andElectrocardiography884 Medical Applications of Radiotracers 928Radiation Therapy 943 Nitroglycerin, Nitric Oxide, and HeartDisease 976 Arsenic in Drinking Water 980 The Battle for Iron inLiving Systems 1011 Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers 28The Importance of Practice 31 The Features of This Book 32 How toTake a Test71 Problem Solving 92 Design an Experiment110 AnalyzingChemical Reactions 146 Using Enthalpy as a Guide 181 CalculationsInvolving Many Variables 410 What Now?1081 Chemical Applicationsand Essays 19. xx Preface To the Instructor Philosophy We authorsof Chemistry: The Central Science are delighted and honored thatyou have chosen us as your instructional partners for your generalchemistry class. We have all been active researchers who appreciateboth the learning and the discovery aspects of the chemicalsciences. We have also all taught general chemistry many times. Ourvaried, wide-ranging experiences have formed the basis of the closecollaborations we have enjoyed as coauthors. In writing our book,our focus is on the students: we try to ensure that the text is notonly accurate and up-to-date but also clear and readable. We striveto convey the breadth of chemistry and the excitement thatscientists experience in making new discoveries that contribute toour understanding of the physical world. We want the student toappreciate that chemistry is not a body of specialized knowledgethat is separate from most aspects of modern life, but central toany attempt to address a host of societal concerns, includingrenewable energy, environmental sustainability, and improved humanhealth. Publishing the thirteenth edition of this text bespeaks anexceptionally long record of successful textbook writing. We areappreciative of the loyalty and support the book has received overthe years, and mindful of our obligation to justify each newedition. We begin our approach to each new edition with an in-tensive author retreat, in which we ask ourselves the deep ques-tions that we must answer before we can move forward. Whatjustifies yet another edition? What is changing in the world notonly of chemistry, but with respect to science education and thequalities of the students we serve? The answer lies only partly inthe changing face of chemistry itself. The introduction of many newtechnologies has changed the landscape in the teach- ing ofsciences at all levels. The use of the Internet in accessinginformation and presenting learning materials has markedly changedthe role of the textbook as one element among many tools forstudent learning. Our challenge as authors is to main- tain thetext as the primary source of chemical knowledge and practice,while at the same time integrating it with the new ave- nues forlearning made possible by technology and the Internet. This editionincorporates links to a number of those new meth- odologies,including use of the Internet, computer-based class- room tools,such as Learning Catalytics, a cloud-based active learninganalytics and assessment system, and web-based tools, particularlyMasteringChemistry, which is continually evolv- ing to provide moreeffective means of testing and evaluating student performance,while giving the student immediate and helpful feedback. In pastversions, MasteringChemistry pro- vided feedback only on a questionlevel. Now with Knewton- enhanced adaptive follow-up assignments,and Dynamic Study Modules, MasteringChemistry continually adapts toeach stu- dent, offering a personalized learning experience. Asauthors, we want this text to be a central, indispensa- blelearning tool for students. Whether as a physical book or inelectronic form, it can be carried everywhere and used at any time.It is the one place students can go to obtain the informa- tionoutside of the classroom needed for learning, skill develop- ment,reference, and test preparation. The text, more effectively thanany other instrument, provides the depth of coverage and coherentbackground in modern chemistry that students need to serve theirprofessional interests and, as appropriate, to pre- pare for moreadvanced chemistry courses. If the text is to be effective insupporting your role as in- structor, it must be addressed to thestudents. We have done our best to keep our writing clear andinteresting and the book attractive and well illustrated. The bookhas numerous in-text study aids for students, including carefullyplaced descrip- tions of problem-solving strategies. We hope thatour cumula- tive experiences as teachers is evident in our pacing,choice of examples, and the kinds of study aids and motivationaltools we have employed. We believe students are more enthusiasticabout learning chemistry when they see its importance relative totheir own goals and interests; therefore, we have highlighted manyimportant applications of chemistry in everyday life. We hope youmake use of this material. It is our philosophy, as authors, thatthe text and all the sup- plementary materials provided to supportits use must work in concert with you, the instructor. A textbookis only as useful to students as the instructor permits it to be.This book is replete with features that can help students learn andthat can guide them as they acquire both conceptual understandingand prob- lem-solving skills. There is a great deal here for thestudents to use, too much for all of it to be absorbed by any onestudent. You will be the guide to the best use of the book. Onlywith your active help will the students be able to utilize mosteffectively all that the text and its supplements offer. Studentscare about grades, of course, and with encouragement they will alsobe- come interested in the subject matter and care about learning.Please consider emphasizing features of the book that can en- hancestudent appreciation of chemistry, such as the Chemistry Put toWork and Chemistry and Life boxes that show how chem- istry impactsmodern life and its relationship to health and life processes.Learn to use, and urge students to use, the rich online resourcesavailable. Emphasize conceptual understanding and place lessemphasis on simple manipulative, algorithmic prob- lem solving.What Is New in This Edition? A great many changes have been made inproducing this thir- teenth edition. We have continued to improveupon the art program, and new features connected with the art havebeen introduced. Many figures in the book have undergone modifi-cation, and dozens of new figures have been introduced. 20. Prefacexxi A systematic effort has been made to place explanatory la- belsdirectly into figures to guide the student. New designs have beenemployed to more closely integrate photographic materi- als intofigures that convey chemical principles. We have continued toexplore means for more clearly and directly addressing the issue ofconcept learning. It is well es- tablished that conceptualmisunderstandings, which impede student learning in many areas, aredifficult to correct. We have looked for ways to identify andcorrect misconceptions via the worked examples in the book, and inthe accompanying prac- tice exercises. Among the more importantchanges made in the new edition, with this in mind, are: A majornew feature of this edition is the addition of a second PracticeExercise to accompany each Sample Ex- ercise within the chapters.The majority of new Practice Exercises are of the multiple-choicevariety, which enable feedback via MasteringChemistry. The correctanswers to select Practice Exercises are given in an appendix, andguidance for correcting wrong answers is provided in Mas-teringChemistry. The new Practice Exercise feature adds to the aidsprovided to students for mastering the concepts advanced in thetext and rectifying conceptual misunder- standings. The enlargedpractice exercise materials also further cement the relationship ofthe text to the online learning materials. At the same time, theyoffer a new sup- portive learning experience for all students,regardless of whether the MasteringChemistry program is used. Asecond major innovation in this edition is the Design An Experimentfeature, which appears as a final exercise in all chaptersbeginning with Chapter 3, as well as in MasteringChemistry. TheDesign an Experiment exercise is a departure from the usual kindsof end-of-chapter exer- cises in that it is inquiry based, openended, and tries to stimulate the student to think like ascientist. Each exer- cise presents the student with a scenario inwhich vari- ous unknowns require investigation. The student iscalled upon to ponder how experiments might be set up to pro- videanswers to particular questions about a system, and/ or testplausible hypotheses that might account for a set of observations.The aim of the Design an Experiment exer- cises is to fostercritical thinking. We hope that they will be effective in activelearning environments, which include classroom-based work anddiscussions, but they are also suitable for individual studentwork. There is no one right way to solve these exercises, but weauthors offer some ideas in an online Instructors Resource Manual,which will include results from class testing and analysis of stu-dent responses. The Go Figure exercises introduced in the twelfthedition proved to be a popular innovation, and we have expanded onits use. This feature poses a question that students can answer byexamining the figure. These questions encour- age students toactually study the figure and understand its primary message.Answers to the Go Figure questions are provided in the back of thetext. The popular Give It Some Thought (GIST) questions em- beddedin the text have been expanded by improvements in some of theexisting questions and addition of new ones. The answers to all theGIST items are provided in the back of the text. New end-of-chapterexercises have been added, and many of those carried over from thetwelfth edition have been significantly revised. Analysis ofstudent responses to the twelfth edition questions inMasteringChemistry helped us identify and revise or create newquestions, prompt- ing improvements and eliminations of somequestions. Additionally, analysis of usage of MasteringChemistryhas enhanced our understanding of the ways in which in- structorsand students have used the end-of-chapter and MasteringChemistrymaterials. This, in turn, has led to additional improvements to thecontent within the text and in the MasteringChemistryitem library.At the end of each chapter, we list the Learning Outcomes thatstudents should be able to perform after studying each section.End-of-chapter exercises, both in the text and in Master-ingChemistry offer ample opportunities for students to assessmastery of learning outcomes. We trust the Learning Outcomes willhelp you organize your lectures and tests as the course proceeds.Organization and Contents The first five chapters give a largelymacroscopic, phenomeno- logical view of chemistry. The basicconcepts introducedsuchasnomenclature,stoichiometry,andthermochemistryprovide necessarybackground for many of the laboratory experiments usually performedin general chemistry. We believe that an early introduction tothermochemistry is desirable because so much of our understandingof chemical processes is based on consid- erations of energychanges. Thermochemistry is also important when we come to adiscussion of bond enthalpies. We believe we have produced aneffective, balanced approach to teaching ther- modynamics ingeneral chemistry, as well as providing students with anintroduction to some of the global issues involving en- ergyproduction and consumption. It is no easy matter to walk the narrowpathway betweenon the one handtrying to teach too much at too higha level andon the other handresorting to oversimplifications. Aswith the book as a whole, the emphasis has been on impartingconceptual understanding, as opposed to presenting equations intowhich students are supposed to plug numbers. The next four chapters(Chapters 69) deal with elec- tronic structure and bonding. We havelargely retained our presentation of atomic orbitals. For moreadvanced students, Closer Look boxes in Chapters 6 and 9 highlightradial prob- ability functions and the phases of orbitals. Ourapproach of placing this latter discussion in a Closer Look box inChapter 9 enables those who wish to cover this topic to do so,while others may wish to bypass it. In treating this topic andothers in Chapters 7 and 9, we have materially enhanced the accom-panying figures to more effectively bring home their centralmessages. In Chapters 1013, the focus of the text changes to thenext level of the organization of matter: examining the states of21. xxii Preface matter. Chapters 10 and 11 deal with gases,liquids, and inter- molecular forces, as in earlier editions.Chapter 12 is devoted to solids, presenting an enlarged and morecontemporary view of the solid state as well as of modernmaterials. The chapter provides an opportunity to show how abstractchemical bond- ing concepts impact real-world applications. Themodular organization of the chapter allows you to tailor yourcoverage to focus on materials (semiconductors, polymers,nanomaterials, and so forth) that are most relevant to yourstudents and your own interests. Chapter 13 treats the formationand properties of solutions in much the same manner as the previousedition. The next several chapters examine the factors thatdetermine the speed and extent of chemical reactions: kinetics(Chapter 14), equilibria (Chapters 1517), thermodynamics (Chapter19), and electrochemistry (Chapter 20). Also in this section is achapter on environmental chemistry (Chapter 18), in which theconcepts developed in preceding chapters are applied to adiscussion of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. This chapter hasincreasingly come to be focused on green chemistry and the impactsof human activi- ties on Earths water and atmosphere. After adiscussion of nuclear chemistry (Chapter 21), the book ends withthree survey chapters. Chapter 22 deals with nonmetals, Chapter 23with the chemistry of transition metals, including coordinationcompounds, and Chapter 24 with the chemistry of organic compoundsand elementary biochemical themes. These final four chapters aredeveloped in a parallel fashion and can be covered in any order.Our chapter sequence provides a fairly standard organ- ization, butwe recognize that not everyone teaches all the topics in the orderwe have chosen. We have therefore made sure that instructors canmake common changes in teaching sequence with no loss in studentcomprehension. In particu- lar, many instructors prefer tointroduce gases (Chapter10) after stoichiometry (Chapter 3) ratherthan with states of matter. The chapter on gases has been writtento permit this change with no disruption in the flow of material.It is also possible to treat balancing redox equations (Sections20.1 and 20.2) earlier, after the introduction of redox reactionsin Section 4.4. Finally, some instructors like to cover organicchemistry (Chapter 24) right after bonding (Chapters 8 and 9).This, too, is a largely seamless move. We have brought studentsinto greater contact with de- scriptive organic and inorganicchemistry by integrating exam- ples throughout the text. You willfind pertinent and relevant examples of real chemistry woven intoall the chapters to il- lustrate principles and applications. Somechapters, of course, more directly address the descriptiveproperties of elements and their compounds, especially Chapters 4,7, 11, 18, and 2224. We also incorporate descriptive organic andinorganic chemistry in the end-of-chapter exercises. Changes inThis Edition The What is New in This Edition section on pp. xxxxidetails changes made throughout the new edition. Beyond a merelist- ing, however, it is worth dwelling on the general goals weset forth in formulating this new edition. Chemistry: The CentralScience has traditionally been valued for its clarity of writing,its scientific accuracy and currency, its strong end-of-chapterexercises, and its consistency in level of coverage. In makingchanges, we have made sure not to compromise these charac-teristics, and we have also continued to employ an open, cleandesign in the layout of the book. The art program for thisthirteenth edition has continued the trajectory set in the twelfthedition: to make greater and more effective use of the figures aslearning tools, by drawing the reader more directly into thefigure. The art itself has con- tinued to evolve, withmodifications of many figures and addi- tions or replacements thatteach more effectively. The Go Figure feature has been expandedgreatly to include a larger number of figures. In the same vein, wehave added to the Give it Some Thought feature, which stimulatesmore thoughtful reading of the text and fosters critical thinking.We provide a valuable overview of each chapter under the WhatsAhead banner. Concept links ( ) continue to provide easy-to-seecross-references to pertinent material covered ear- lier in thetext. The essays titled Strategies in Chemistry, which provideadvice to students on problem solving and thinking like a chemist,continue to be an important feature. For exam- ple, the newStrategies in Chemistry essay at the end of Chapter3 introduces thenew Design an Experiment feature and provides a worked out exampleas guidance. We have continued to emphasize conceptual exercises inthe end-of-chapter exercise materials. The well-received Visu-alizing Concepts exercise category has been continued in thisedition. These exercises are designed to facilitate concept un-derstanding through use of models, graphs, and other visualmaterials. They precede the regular end-of-chapter exercises andare identified in each case with the relevant chapter sectionnumber. A generous selection of Integrative Exercises, which givestudents the opportunity to solve problems that integrate conceptsfrom the present chapter with those of previous chap- ters, isincluded at the end of each chapter. The importance of integrativeproblem solving is highlighted by the Sample Integrative Exercise,which ends each chapter beginning with Chapter 4. In general, wehave included more conceptual end- of-chapter exercises and havemade sure that there is a good representation of somewhat moredifficult exercises to provide a better mix in terms of topic andlevel of difficulty. Many of the exercises have been restructuredto facilitate their use in Mas- teringChemistry. We have madeextensive use of the metadata from student use ofMasteringChemistry to analyze end-of- chapter exercises and makeappropriate changes, as well as to develop Learning Outcomes foreach chapter. New essays in our well-received Chemistry Put to Workand Chemistry and Life series emphasize world events, scientificdiscoveries, and medical breakthroughs that bear on topics de-veloped in each chapter. We maintain our focus on the positiveaspects of chemistry without neglecting the problems that can arisein an increasingly technological world. Our goal is to helpstudents appreciate the real-world perspective of chemistry and theways in which chemistry affects their lives. It is perhaps anatural tendency for chemistry text- books to grow in length withsucceeding editions, but it is 22. Preface xxiii one that we haveresisted. There are, nonetheless, many new items in this edition,mostly ones that replace other material considered less pertinent.Here is a list of several significant changes in content: InChapter 1, the Closer Look box on the scientific method has beenrewritten. The Chemistry Put to Work box, dealing with Chemistry inthe News, has been completely rewritten, with items that describediverse ways in which chemistry intersects with the affairs ofmodern society. The Chapter Summary and Learning Outcomes sectionsat the end of the chapter have been rewritten for ease of use byboth instructor and student, in this and all chapters in the text.Similarly, the exercises have been thoroughly vetted, modifiedwhere this was called for and re- placed or added to, here and inall succeeding chapters. In Chapter 3, graphic elementshighlighting the correct ap- proach to problem solving have beenadded to Sample Exercises on calculating an empirical formula frommass percent of the elements present, combustion analysis, andcalculating a theo- retical yield. Chapter 5 now presents a moreexplicit discussion of com- bined units of measurement, an improvedintroduction to en- thalpy, and more consistent use of color inart. Changes in Chapter 6 include a significant revision of thediscussion of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, includinggreater clarity on absorption versus emission processes. There isalso a new Closer Look box on Thought Experiments and SchrdingersCat, which gives students a brief glimpse of some of thephilosophical issues in quantum mechanics and also con- nects tothe 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics. In Chapter 7, the emphasis onconceptual thinking was en- hanced in several ways: the section oneffective nuclear charge was significantly revised to include aclassroom-tested analogy, the number of Go Figure features wasincreased substantially, and new end-of-chapter exercises emphasizecritical thinking and understanding concepts. In addition, theChemistry Put to Work box on lithium-ion batteries was updated andrevised to include discussion of current issues in using thesebatteries. Fi- nally, the values of ionic radii were revised to beconsistent with a recent research study of the best values forthese radii. In Chapter 9, which is one of the most challenging forstudents, we continue to refine our presentation based on ourclassroom experience. Twelve new Go Figure exercises will stim-ulate more student thought in a chapter with a large amount ofgraphic material. The discussion of molecular geometry was mademore conceptually oriented. The section on delocalized bonding wascompletely revised to provide what we believe will be a betterintroduction that students will find useful in organic chemistry.The Closer Look box on phases in orbitals was re- vamped withimproved artwork. We also increased the number of end-of-chapterexercises, especially in the area of molecular orbital theory. TheDesign an Experiment feature in this chapter gives the students theopportunity to explore color and conju- gated systems. Chapter 10contains a new Sample Exercise that walks the student through thecalculations that are needed to understand Torricellis barometer.Chapter 11 includes an improved defini- tion of hydrogen bondingand updated data for the strengths of intermolecular attractions.Chapter 12 includes the latest up- dates to materials chemistry,including plastic electronics. New material on the diffusion andmean free path of colloids in solu- tion is added to Chapter 13,making a connection to the diffu- sion of gas molecules fromChapter 10. In Chapter 14, ten new Go Figure exercises have beenadded to reinforce many of the concepts presented as figures andgraphs in the chapter. The Design an Experiment exercise in thechapter connects strongly to the Closer Look box on Beers Law,which is often the basis for spectrometric kinetics experi- mentsperformed in the general chemistry laboratory. The presentation inChapter 16 was made more closely tied to that in Chapter 15,especially through the use of more initial/ change/equilibrium(ICE) charts. The number of conceptual end-of-chapter exercises,including Visualizing Concepts fea- tures, was increasedsignificantly. Chapter 17 offers improved clarity on how to makebuff- ers, and when the HendersonHasselbalch equation may not beaccurate. Chapter 18 has been extensively updated to reflectchanges in this rapidly evolving area of chemistry. Two Closer Lookboxes have been added; one dealing with the shrinking level ofwater in the Ogallala aquifer and a second with the po- tentialenvironmental consequences of hydraulic fracking. In Chapter 20,the description of Li-ion batteries has been signifi- cantlyexpanded to reflect the growing importance of these bat- teries,and a new Chemistry Put to Work box on batteries for hybrid andelectric vehicles has been added. Chapter 21 was updated to reflectsome of the current is- sues in nuclear chemistry and more commonlyused nomencla- ture for forms of radiation are now used. Chapter 22includes an improved discussion of silicates. In Chapter 23, thesection on crystal-field theory (Section 23.6) has undergoneconsiderable revision. The description of how the d-orbitalenergies of a metal ion split in a tetrahedral crystal field hasbeen expanded to put it on par with our treat- ment of theoctahedral geometry, and a new Sample Exercise that effectivelyintegrates the links between color, magnetism, and thespectrochemical series has been added. Chapter 24s coverage oforganic chemistry and biochemistry now includes oxidationreductionreactions that organic chemists find most relevant. To the StudentChemistry: The Central Science, Thirteenth Edition, has been writ-ten to introduce you to modern chemistry. As authors, we have, ineffect, been engaged by your instructor to help you learnchemistry. Based on the comments of students and instructors whohave used this book in its previous editions, we believe that wehave done that job well. Of course, we expect the text to continueto evolve through future editions. We invite you to write to tellus what you like about the book so that we will know where we havehelped you most. Also, we would like to learn of any shortcomingsso that we might further improve the book in subsequent editions.Our ad- dresses are given at the end of the Preface. 23. xxivPreface Advice for Learning and Studying Chemistry Learningchemistry requires both the assimilation of many con- cepts and thedevelopment of analytical skills. In this text, we have providedyou with numerous tools to help you succeed in both tasks. If youare going to succeed in your chemistry course, you will have todevelop good study habits. Science courses, and chemistry inparticular, make different demands on your learn- ing skills thando other types of courses. We offer the following tips for successin your study of chemistry: Dont fall behind! As the course movesalong, new top- ics will build on material already presented. Ifyou dont keep up in your reading and problem solving, you will findit much harder to follow the lectures and discussions on currenttopics. Experienced teachers know that students who read therelevant sections of the text before coming to a class learn morefrom the class and retain greater recall. Cramming just before anexam has been shown to be an ineffective way to study any subject,chemistry included. So now you know. How important to you, in thiscompetitive world, is a good grade in chemistry? Focus your study.The amount of information you will be expected to learn cansometimes seem overwhelming. It is essential to recognize thoseconcepts and skills that are par- ticularly important. Payattention to what your instructor is emphasizing. As you workthrough the Sample Exercises and homework assignments, try to seewhat general principles and skills they employ. Use the Whats Aheadfeature at the begin- ning of each chapter to help orient yourselfto what is important in each chapter. A single reading of a chapterwill simply not be enough for successful learning of chapterconcepts and prob- lem-solving skills. You will need to go overassigned materials more than once. Dont skip the Give It SomeThought and Go Figure features, Sample Exercises, and PracticeExercises. They are your guides to whether you are learning thematerial. They are also good preparation for test-taking. TheLearning Out- comes and Key Equations at the end of the chaptershould help you focus your study. Keep good lecture notes. Yourlecture notes will provide you with a clear and concise record ofwhat your instructor regards as the most important material tolearn. Using your lecture notes in conjunction with this text isthe best way to de- termine which material to study. Skim topics inthe text before they are covered in lecture. Reviewing a topicbefore lecture will make it easier for you to take good notes.First read the Whats Ahead points and the end-of-chapter Summary;then quickly read through the chap- ter, skipping Sample Exercisesand supplemental sections. Pay- ing attention to the titles ofsections and subsections gives you a feeling for the scope oftopics. Try to avoid thinking that you must learn and understandeverything right away. You need to do a certain amount ofpreparation before lecture. More than ever, instructors are usingthe lecture pe- riod not simply as a one-way channel ofcommunication from teacher to student. Rather, they expect studentsto come to class ready to work on problem solving and criticalthinking. Com- ing to class unprepared is not a good idea for anylecture envi- ronment, but it certainly is not an option for anactive learning classroom if you aim to do well in the course.After lecture, carefully read the topics covered in class. As youread, pay attention to the concepts presented and to theapplication of these concepts in the Sample Exercises. Once youthink you understand a Sample Exercise, test your understand- ingby working the accompanying Practice Exercise. Learn the languageof chemistry. As you study chemis- try, you will encounter many newwords. It is important to pay attention to these words and to knowtheir meanings or the entities to which they refer. Knowing how toidentify chemi- cal substances from their names is an importantskill; it can help you avoid painful mistakes on examinations. Forexample, chlorine and chloride refer to very different things.Attempt the assigned end-of-chapter exercises. Work- ing theexercises selected by your instructor provides necessary practicein recalling and using the essential ideas of the chapter. Youcannot learn merely by observing; you must be a partici- pant. Inparticular, try to resist checking the Student Solutions Manual (ifyou have one) until you have made a sincere effort to solve theexercise yourself. If you get stuck on an exercise, however, gethelp from your instructor, your teaching assistant, or anotherstudent. Spending more than 20 minutes on a single exercise israrely effective unless you know that it is particularlychallenging. Learn to think like a scientist. This book is writtenby sci- entists who love chemistry. We encourage you to developyour critical thinking skills by taking advantage of new featuresin this edition, such as exercises that focus on conceptuallearning, and the Design an Experiment exercises. Use onlineresources. Some things are more easily learned by discovery, andothers are best shown in three dimensions. If your instructor hasincluded MasteringChemistry with your book, take advantage of theunique tools it provides to get the most out of your time inchemistry. The bottom line is to work hard, study effectively, anduse the tools available to you, including this textbook. We want tohelp you learn more about the world of chemistry and why chemistryis the central science. If you really learn chemistry, you can bethe life of the party, impress your friends and par- ents, andwell, also pass the course with a good grade. 24. Preface xxvThirteenth Edition Accuracy Reviewers Luther GiddingsSalt LakeCommunity College Jesudoss KingstonIowa State University MichaelLufasoUniversity of North Florida Thirteenth Edition ReviewersYiyan BaiHouston Community College Ron BriggsArizona StateUniversity Scott BungeKent State University Jason CoymUniversity ofSouth Alabama Ted ClarkThe Ohio State University MichaelDennistonGeorgia Perimeter College Patrick DonoghueAppalachianState University Luther GiddingsSalt Lake Community College JeffreyKovacUniversity of Tennessee Charity LovettSeattle UniversityMichael LufasoUniversity of North Florida Diane MillerMarquetteUniversity Gregory RobinsonUniversity of Georgia Melissa SchultzTheCollege of Wooster Mark SchrafWest Virginia University RichardSpinneyThe Ohio State University Troy WoodSUNY Buffalo KimberlyWoznackCalifornia University of Pennsylvania Edward ZovinkaSaintFrancis University Pamela MarksArizona State University LeePedersenUniversity of North Carolina Troy WoodSUNY BuffaloThirteenth Edition Focus Group Participants Tracy BirdwhistleXavierUniversity Cheryl FrechUniversity of Central Oklahoma BridgetGourleyDePauw University Etta GravelyNorth Carolina AT StateUniversity Thomas J. GreenboweIowa State University JasonHofsteinSiena College Andy JorgensenUniversity of Toledo DavidKatzPima Community College Sarah SchmidtkeThe College of WoosterLinda SchultzTarleton State University Bob SheltonAustin Peay StateUniversity Stephen SieckGrinnell College Mark ThomsonFerris StateUniversity MasteringChemistry Summit Participants Phil BennettSanta Fe Community College Jo Blackburn Richland College JohnBookstaver St. Charles Community College David Carter Angelo StateUniversity Doug Cody Nassau Community College Tom Dowd HarperCollege Palmer Graves Florida International University Margie HaakOregon State University Brad Herrick Colorado School of Mines JeffJenson University of Findlay Jeff McVey Texas State University atSan Marcos Gary Michels Creighton University Bob Pribush ButlerUniversity Al Rives Wake Forest University Joel Russell OaklandUniversity Greg Szulczewski University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa MattTarr University of New Orleans Dennis Taylor Clemson UniversityHarold Trimm Broome Community College Emanuel Waddell University ofAlabama, Huntsville Kurt Winklemann Florida Institute of TechnologyKlaus Woelk University of Missouri, Rolla Steve Wood Brigham YoungUniversity Reviewers of Previous Editions of Chemistry: The CentralScience S.K. Airee University of Tennessee John J. AlexanderUniversity of Cincinnati Robert Allendoerfer SUNY Buffalo PatriciaAmateis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University SandraAnderson University of Wisconsin John Arnold University ofCalifornia Socorro Arteaga El Paso Community College MargaretAsirvatham University of Colorado Todd L. Austell University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill Melita Balch University of Illinois atChicago Rosemary Bartoszek-Loza The Ohio State University RebeccaBarlag Ohio University Hafed Bascal University of FindlayAcknowledgments The production of a textbook is a team effortrequiring the in- volvement of many people besides the authors whocontributed hard work and talent to bring this edition to life.Although their names dont appear on the cover of the book, theircreativity, time, and support have been instrumental in all stagesof its de- velopment and production. Each of us has benefitedgreatly from discussions with colleagues and from correspondencewith instructors and stu- dents both here and abroad. Colleagueshave also helped im- mensely by reviewing our materials, sharingtheir insights, and providing suggestions for improvements. On thisedition, we were particularly blessed with an exceptional group ofaccuracy checkers who read through our materials looking for bothtech- nical inaccuracies and typographical errors. 25. xxvi PrefaceBoyd Beck Snow College Kelly Beefus Anoka-Ramsey Community CollegeAmy Beilstein Centre College Donald Bellew University of New MexicoVictor Berner New Mexico Junior College Narayan Bhat University ofTexas, Pan American Merrill Blackman United States Military AcademySalah M. Blaih Kent State University James A. Boiani SUNY GeneseoLeon Borowski Diablo Valley College Simon Bott University ofHouston Kevin L. Bray Washington State University Daeg ScottBrenner Clark University Gregory Alan Brewer Catholic University ofAmerica Karen Brewer Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity Edward Brown Lee University Gary Buckley CameronUniversity Carmela Byrnes Texas AM University B. Edward CainRochester Institute of Technology Kim Calvo University of AkronDonald L. Campbell University of Wisconsin Gene O. Carlisle TexasAM University Elaine Carter Los Angeles City College Robert CarterUniversity of Massachusetts at Boston Harbor Ann Cartwright SanJacinto Central College David L. Cedeo Illinois State UniversityDana Chatellier University of Delaware Stanton Ching ConnecticutCollege Paul Chirik Cornell University Tom Clayton Knox CollegeWilliam Cleaver University of Vermont Beverly Clement Blinn CollegeRobert D. Cloney Fordham University John Collins Broward CommunityCollege Edward Werner Cook Tunxis Community Technical CollegeElzbieta Cook Louisiana State University Enriqueta Cortez SouthTexas College Thomas Edgar Crumm Indiana University of PennsylvaniaDwaine Davis Forsyth Tech Community College Ramn Lpez de la VegaFlorida International University Nancy De Luca University ofMassachusetts, Lowell North Campus Angel de Dios GeorgetownUniversity John M. DeKorte Glendale Community College Daniel DominTennessee State University James Donaldson University of TorontoBill Donovan University of Akron Stephen Drucker University ofWisconsin-Eau Claire Ronald Duchovic Indiana UniversityPurdueUniversity at Fort Wayne Robert Dunn University of Kansas DavidEaster Southwest Texas State University Joseph Ellison UnitedStates Military Academy George O. Evans II East Carolina UniversityJames M. Farrar University of Rochester Debra Feakes Texas StateUniversity at San Marcos Gregory M. Ferrence Illinois StateUniversity Clark L. Fields University of Northern Colorado JenniferFirestine Lindenwood University Jan M. Fleischner College of NewJersey Paul A. Flowers University of North Carolina at PembrokeMichelle Fossum Laney College Roger Frampton Tidewater CommunityCollege Joe Franek University of Minnesota David Frank CaliforniaState University Cheryl B. Frech University of Central Oklahoma EwaFredette Moraine Valley College Kenneth A. French Blinn CollegeKaren Frindell Santa Rosa Junior College John I. Gelder OklahomaState University Robert Gellert Glendale Community College PaulGilletti Mesa Community College Peter Gold Pennsylvania StateUniversity Eric Goll Brookdale Community College James GordonCentral Methodist College John Gorden Auburn University Thomas J.Greenbowe Iowa State University Michael Greenlief University ofMissouri Eric P. Grimsrud Montana State University John HagadornUniversity of Colorado Randy Hall Louisiana State University JohnM. Halpin New York University Marie Hankins University of SouthernIndiana Robert M. Hanson St. Olaf College Daniel Haworth MarquetteUniversity Michael Hay Pennsylvania State University Inna HefleyBlinn College David Henderson Trinity College Paul Higgs BarryUniversity Carl A. Hoeger University of California, San Diego GaryG. Hoffman Florida International University Deborah Hokien MarywoodUniversity Robin Horner Fayetteville Tech Community College RogerK. House Moraine Valley College Michael O. Hurst Georgia SouthernUniversity William Jensen South Dakota State University JanetJohannessen County College of Morris Milton D. Johnston, Jr.University of South Florida Andrew Jones Southern Alberta Instituteof Technology Booker Juma Fayetteville State University Ismail KadyEast Tennessee State University Siam Kahmis University ofPittsburgh Steven Keller University of Missouri John W. KenneyEastern New Mexico University Neil Kestner Louisiana StateUniversity Carl Hoeger University of California at San Diego LeslieKinsland University of Louisiana Jesudoss Kingston Iowa StateUniversity Louis J. Kirschenbaum University of Rhode Island DonaldKleinfelter University of Tennessee, Knoxville Daniela KohenCarleton University David Kort George Mason University George P.Kreishman University of Cincinnati Paul Kreiss Anne ArundelCommunity College Manickham Krishnamurthy Howard University SergiyKryatov Tufts University Brian D. Kybett University of ReginaWilliam R. Lammela Nazareth College John T. Landrum FloridaInternational University Richard Langley Stephen F. Austin StateUniversity N. Dale Ledford University of South Alabama ErnestineLee Utah State University 26. Preface xxvii David LehmpuhlUniversity of Southern Colorado Robley J. Light Florida StateUniversity Donald E. Linn, Jr. Indiana UniversityPurdue UniversityIndianapolis David Lippmann Southwest Texas State Patrick LloydKingsborough Community College Encarnacion Lopez Miami DadeCollege, Wolfson Arthur Low Tarleton State University Gary L. LyonLouisiana State University Preston J. MacDougall Middle TennesseeState University Jeffrey Madura Duquesne University Larry MannoTriton College Asoka Marasinghe Moorhead State University Earl L.Mark ITT Technical Institute Pamela Marks Arizona State UniversityAlbert H. Martin Moravian College Przemyslaw Maslak PennsylvaniaState University Hilary L. Maybaum ThinkQuest, Inc. Armin Mayr ElPaso Community College Marcus T. McEllistrem University ofWisconsin Craig McLauchlan Illinois State University Jeff McVeyTexas State University at San Marcos William A. Meena ValleyCollege Joseph Merola Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity Stephen Mezyk California State University Eric MillerSan Juan College Gordon Miller Iowa State University ShelleyMinteer Saint Louis University Massoud (Matt) Miri RochesterInstitute of Technology Mohammad Moharerrzadeh Bowie StateUniversity Tracy Morkin Emory University Barbara Mowery YorkCollege Kathleen E. Murphy Daemen College Kathy Nabona AustinCommunity College Robert Nelson Georgia Southern University AlNichols Jacksonville State University Ross Nord Eastern MichiganUniversity Jessica Orvis Georgia Southern University Mark OttJackson Community College Jason Overby College of Charleston RobertH. Paine Rochester Institute of Technology Robert T. PaineUniversity of New Mexico Sandra Patrick Malaspina UniversityCollege Mary Jane Patterson Brazosport College Tammi PavelecLindenwood University Albert Payton Broward Community CollegeChristopher J. Peeples University of Tulsa Kim Percell Cape FearCommunity College Gita Perkins Estrella Mountain Community CollegeRichard Perkins University of Louisiana Nancy Peterson NorthCentral College Robert C. Pfaff Saint Josephs College John PfefferHighline Community College Lou Pignolet University of MinnesotaBernard Powell University of Texas Jeffrey A. Rahn EasternWashington University Steve Rathbone Blinn College Scott ReeveArkansas State University John Reissner University of NorthCarolina Helen Richter University of Akron Thomas RidgwayUniversity of Cincinnati Mark G. Rockley Oklahoma State UniversityLenore Rodicio Miami Dade College Amy L. Rogers College ofCharleston Jimmy R. Rogers University of Texas at Arlington KathrynRowberg Purdue University at Calumet Steven Rowley MiddlesexCommunity College James E. Russo Whitman College Theodore SakanoRockland Community College Michael J. Sanger University of NorthernIowa Jerry L. Sarquis Miami University James P. Schneider PortlandCommunity College Mark Schraf West Virginia University GrayScrimgeour University of Toronto Paula Secondo Western ConnecticutState University Michael Seymour Hope College Kathy Thrush ShaginawVillanova University Susan M. Shih College of DuPage David ShinnUniversity of Hawaii at Hilo Lewis Silverman University of Missouriat Columbia Vince Sollimo Burlington Community College DavidSoriano University of Pittsburgh-Bradford Eugene Stevens BinghamtonUniversity Matthew Stoltzfus The Ohio State University James SymesCosumnes River College Iwao Teraoka Polytechnic University DomenicJ. Tiani University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Edmund TiskoUniversity of Nebraska at Omaha Richard S. Treptow Chicago StateUniversity Michael Tubergen Kent State University Claudia Turro TheOhio State University James Tyrell Southern Illinois UniversityMichael J. Van Stipdonk Wichita State University Philip VerhalenPanola College Ann Verner University of Toronto at ScarboroughEdward Vickner Gloucester County Community College John VincentUniversity of Alabama Maria Vogt Bloomfield College Tony WallnerBarry University Lichang Wang Southern Illinois University ThomasR. Webb Auburn University Clyde Webster University of California atRiverside Karen Weichelman University of Louisiana-Lafayette PaulG. Wenthold Purdue University Laurence Werbelow New MexicoInstitute of Mining and Technology Wayne Wesolowski University OfArizona Sarah West University of Notre Dame Linda M. WilkesUniversity at Southern Colorado Charles A. Wilkie MarquetteUniversity Darren L. Williams West Texas AM University Troy WoodSUNY Buffalo Thao Yang University of Wisconsin David Zax CornellUniversity Dr. Susan M. Zirpoli Slippery Rock University 27. xxviiiPreface We would also like to express our gratitude to our manyteam members at Pearson whose hard work, imagination, and com-mitment have contributed so greatly to the final form of thisedition: Terry Haugen, our senior editor, who has brought en- ergyand imagination to this edition as he has to earlier ones; ChrisHess, our chemistry editor, for many fresh ideas and his unflaggingenthusiasm, continuous encouragement, and sup- port; Jennifer Hart,Director of Development, who has brought her experience and insightto oversight of the entire project; Jessica Moro, our projecteditor, who very effectively coordinat- ed the scheduling andtracked the multidimensional deadlines that come with a project ofthis magnitude; Jonathan Cottrell our marketing manager, for hisenergy, enthusiasm, and crea- tive promotion of our text; CarolPritchard-Martinez, our development editor, whose depth ofexperience, good judgment, and careful attention to detail wereinvaluable to this revision, especially in keeping us on task interms of consistency and stu- dent understanding; Donna, our copyeditor, for her keen eye; Beth Sweeten, our project manager, andGina Cheselka, who managed the complex responsibilities of bringingthe design, photos, artwork, and writing together with efficiencyand good cheer. The Pearson team is a first-class operation. Thereare many others who also deserve special recogni- tion, includingthe following: Greg Johnson, our production editor, who skillfullykept the process moving and us authors on track; Kerri Wilson, ourphoto researcher, who was so effective in finding photos to bringchemistry to life for students; and Roxy Wilson (University ofIllinois), who so ably coordinated the difficult job of working outsolutions to the end-of-chapter exercises. Finally, we wish tothank our families and friends for their love, support,encouragement, and patience as we brought this thirteenth editionto completion. Theodore L. Brown Department of Chemistry Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801[email protected] or [email protected] H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.Department of Chemistry University of Nevada Reno, NV 89557[email protected] Bruce E. Bursten Department of Chemistry Universityof Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996 [email protected] Catherine J.Murphy Department of Chemistry University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 [email protected] Patrick M.Woodward Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio StateUniversity Columbus, OH 43210 [email protected] ohio-state.eduMatthew W. Stoltzfus Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry TheOhio State University Columbus, OH 43210 [email protected] 28.Preface xxix List of Resources For Students MasteringChemistry( ) MasteringChemistry is the mosteffective, widely used online tutorial, homework and assessmentsystem for chemistry. It helps instructors maximize class time withcustomizable, easy- to-assign, and automatically graded assessmentsthat motivate students to learn outside of class and arriveprepared for lecture. These assessments can easily be customizedand personalized by instructors to suit their individual teachingstyle. The pow- erful gradebook provides unique insight intostudent and class performance even before the first test. As aresult, instructors can spend class time where students need itmost. Pearson eText The integration of Pearson eText withinMasteringChemistry gives students with eTexts easy access to theelectronic text when they are logged into MasteringChemistry.Pearson eText pages look exactly like the printed text, offeringpowerful new functionality for students and instructors. Users cancreate notes, highlight text in different colors, create bookmarks,zoom, view in single-page or two-page view, and more. StudentsGuide (0-321-94928-5) Prepared by James C. Hill of California StateUniversity. This book assists students through the text materialwith chapter overviews, learning objectives, a review of key terms,as well as self-tests with answers and explanations. This editionalso features MCAT practice questions. Solutions to Red Exercises(0-321-94926-9) Prepared by Roxy Wilson of the University ofIllinois, Urbana-Champaign. Full solutions to all the red-numberedexercises in the text are provided. (Short answers to red exercisesare found in the appendix of the text.) Solutions to BlackExercises (0-321-94927-7) Prepared by Roxy Wilson of the Universityof Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Full solutions to all theblack-numbered exercises in the text are provided. LaboratoryExperiments (0-321-94991-9) Prepared by John H. Nelson of theUniversity of Nevada, and Michael Lufaso of the University of NorthFlorida with contributions by Matthew Stoltzfus of The Ohio StateUniversity. This manual contains 40 finely tuned experiments chosento introduce students to basic lab techniques and to illustratecore chemical principles. This new edition has been revised withthe addition of four brand new experiments to correlate moretightly with the text. You can also customize these labs throughCatalyst, our custom database program. For more information, visit pearsoncustom.com/custom-library/ For InstructorsSolutions to Exercises (0-321-94925-0) Prepared by Roxy Wilson ofthe University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. This manual containsall end-of-chapter exercises in the text. With an instructorspermission, this manual may be made available to students. OnlineInstructor Resource Center (0-321-94923-4) This resource providesan integrated collection of resources to help instructors makeefficient and effective use of their time. It features all artworkfrom the text, including figures and tables in PDF format forhigh-resolution printing, as well as five prebuilt PowerPointpresentations. The first presentation contains the images embeddedwithin PowerPoint slides. The second includes a complete lectureoutline that is modifiable by the user. The final threepresentations contain worked in-chapter sample exercises andquestions to be used with Classroom Response Systems. TheInstructor Resource Center also contains movies, animations, andelectronic files of the Instructor Resource Manual, as well as theTest Item File. TestGen Testbank (0-321-94924-2) Prepared by AndreaLeonard of the University of Louisiana. The Test Item File nowprovides a selection of more than 4,000 test questions with 200 newquestions in the thirteenth edition and 200 additional algorithmicquestions. Online Instructor Resource Manual (0-321-94929-3)Prepared by Linda Brunauer of Santa Clara University and ElzbietaCook of Louisiana State University. Organized by chapter, thismanual offers detailed lecture outlines and complete descriptionsof all available lecture demonstrations, interactive media assets,common student misconceptions, and more. Annotated InstructorsEdition to Laboratory Experiments (0-321-98608-3) Prepared by JohnH. Nelson of the University of Nevada, and Michael Lufaso of theUniversity of North Florida with contributions by Matthew Stoltzfusof the Ohio State University. This AIE combines the full studentlab manual with appendices covering the proper disposal of chemicalwaste, safety instructions for the lab, descriptions of standardlab equipment, answers to questions, and more. WebCT Test Item File(IRC download only) 0-321-94931-5 Blackboard Test Item File (IRCdownload only) 0-321-94930-7 29. THEODORE L. BROWN received hisPh.D. from Michigan State University in 1956. Since then, he hasbeen a member of the faculty of the University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign, where he is now Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus.He served as Vice Chancellor for Research, and Dean of The GraduateCollege, from 1980 to 1986, and as Founding Director of the Arnoldand Mabel Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technologyfrom 1987 to 1993. Professor Brown has been an Alfred P. SloanFoundation Research Fellow and has been awarded a GuggenheimFellowship. In 1972 he was awarded the American Chemical SocietyAward for Research in Inorganic Chemistry and received the

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